Spanish Verb Conjugation Summary

All tenses at a glance. AR, ER, IR patterns, compound tenses and key insights.

All tenses at a glance: HABLAR (to speak)

Tenseyoélnosotrosellos
Presenthablohablashablahablamoshablan
Preteritehabléhablastehablóhablamoshablaron
Imperfecthablabahablabashablabahablábamoshablaban
Futurehablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablarán
Conditionalhablaríahablaríashablaríahablaríamoshablarían
Pres. Subj.hablehableshablehablemoshablen
Imp. Subj.hablarahablarashablarahabláramoshablaran

Compound tenses

TenseFormulaExample (yo)
Present perfecthaber (present) + -adohe hablado
Past perfecthaber (imperfect) + -adohabía hablado
Future perfecthaber (future) + -adohabré hablado
Cond. perfecthaber (cond.) + -adohabría hablado
Pres. progressiveestar (present) + -andoestoy hablando

ER/IR verb endings comparison

Tense-AR-ER-IRDifferent?
Present (yo)-o-o-oSame
Present (tú)-as-es-esER=IR
Preterite (yo)ER=IR
Imperfect (yo)-aba-ía-íaER=IR
Future (yo)-aré-eré-iréAll same endings
Conditional (yo)-aría-ería-iríaAll same endings
Subjunctive (yo)-e-a-aER=IR, swap vowels
Participle-ado-ido-idoER=IR
Gerund-ando-iendo-iendoER=IR
Key insight: ER and IR verbs are almost always identical!

The only difference is in nosotros/vosotros present tense (-emos vs -imos) and the infinitive itself. Learn AR patterns first, then ER/IR together.

Quick quiz

1. Hablar, preterite, yo = _____.

2. Comer, imperfect, yo = _____.

3. Vivir, future, yo = _____.

4. Hablar, present subjunctive, yo = _____.

5. Present perfect of hablar (yo) = _____.

6. ER and IR verbs have _____ endings in most tenses.

7. Conditional uses the _____ as its base.

8. Present subjunctive swaps vowels: AR uses _____.

9. Past participle: hablar→hablado, comer→_____.

10. Gerund: vivir→_____.

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